Iliad by Homer all Summary, Characters And Themes (Classics in Translation)
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- Honours 4th Year
- Subject: Classics in Translation
- Topics: "Iliad" by Homer
- Summary, Characters And Themes
Introducing the characters:-
āĻāĻাāύে āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻŽোāĻ ā§Š āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāϰিāϤ্āϰ āĻĒাāĻŦো:- Olympian gods and goddesses, āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ Greek āĻĒāĻ্āώেāϰ āĻāϰ āĻāϰেāĻāĻĒāĻ্āώ āĻšāĻ্āĻে Trojan'āϰা। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে Olympian Gods + Goddesses āĻĻেāϰ āύিā§ে āĻŦāϞি।
Zeus:- Son of Cronus and Rhea, the supreme god and king of Olympus. His duty is to carry out the will of Destiny.
Poseidon(āĻĒāϏাāĻāĻĄāύ):- Brother of Zeus and the god of the sea and of earthquakes.
He is a strong supporter of the Achaean cause.
Hades:- Ruler of the under world. He is a brother of Zeus, Poseidon and Hera.
Apollo:- Son of Zeus and Leto, god of prophecy, poetry and music, sender of disease and patron of bowmen. He is a warm supporter of the Trojans.
Ares:- A god of war, he was the son of Zeus and Hera. He was a firm supporter of the Trojans.
Hephaestus(āĻšেāĻĢাāϏ্āĻাāϏ):- Son of Zeus and Hera. He is the god of fire and engineering and supported the Greeks.
Hera:- Wife and sister of Zeus. She is a staunch supporter of the Greeks.
Athene:- The Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare. She actively assists the Greeks during the Trojan war.
Leto:- The mother of Apollo and Artemis by Zeus.
Aphrodite:- Daughter of Zeus and Dione, goddesses of love. She fights on the Trojan side.
Artemis(āĻāϰ্āĻেāĻŽিāϏ):- Daughter of Zeus and Leto, goddess of chastity, hunting and wild animals. She fights on the Trojan side.
Thetis(āĻĨেāĻিāϏ):- Daughter of Nereus, and mother of Achilles. She loves her son deeply and tries to help him as much as she can.
The Achaeans or The Greeks
Achilles:- Son of Peleus, a mortal and Thetis, an immortal goddess of the sea He is the central character of the Iliad.
Agamemnon(āĻāĻাāĻŽেāύāύ):- Son of Atreus and brother of Menelaus. He is the King of Mycenae(āĻŽাāĻāϏিāύি) and the leader of Greek army.
Aias the greater:- Son of Telamon(āĻেāϞাāĻŽāύ), king of Salamis(āϏ্āϝাāϞাāĻŽিāϏ). He is generally greater recognized as the greatest Achaean warrior after Achilles.
Antilochus(āĻ
্āϝাāύ্āĻāϞোāĻাāϏ): Son of Nestor. He is a brave young warrior. He takes an active part in the fighting and the funeral games.
Automedon(āĻ
āĻোāĻŽেāĻĄāύ):- Achilles' charioteer, who drove the horses when Achilles killed Hector.
Calchas(āĻ্āϝাāϞāĻাāϏ):- The chief soothsayer and prophet of the Achaeans.
Helen:- Daughter of Zeus and Leda. She was originally married to Menelaus, but she ran away to Troy with Paris.
Menelaus:- Son of Atreus(āĻ
āĻ্āϰেā§াāϏ), younger brother of Agamemnon, king of Sparta. He is the first husband of Helen and the war is being fought for his sake.
Odysseus(āĻāĻĄিāϏিā§াāϏ):- King of Ithaca. He is the cleverest of all the Achaeans. 'The Odyssey', Homer's other epic poem, is account of his return home after the war has ended.
Patroclus:- Prince of Opus and the closest friend of Achilles. His death at the hand of Hector is a turning-point of the epic.
The Trojans
Priam:- King of Troy. Being very old, he does not command his army in the battle field.
Hecabe:- Wife of Priam, the king of Troy. Mother of Paris, Hector, Deiphobus, Helenus and Cassandra.
Hector:- Son of Priam and Hecabe. He is the greatest of the Trojan warriors. He was killed by Achilles.
Paris:- Son of Priam and Hecabe and brother of Hector. He was also known as Alexander. He abducted Helen. He thus, invited ruin as much for himself and for his fatherland.
Cassandra(āĻ্āϝাāϏাāύ্āĻĄ্āϰা):- Daughter of Priam and Hecabe. She can make startling prophecies but nobody believes her.
Deiphobus(āĻĄেāĻāĻĢোāĻŦাāϏ):- Son of Priam and Hecabe, a prince of Troy.
Helenus(āĻšেāϞেāύুāϏ):- Son of Priam and Hecabe, a prince of Troy and a seer.
Andromache:- Wife of Hector. She is a loving mother and a dutiful wife.
Astyanax(āĻ
্āϝাāϏāĻিā§াāύ্āϝাāĻ্āϏ):- The only son of Hector and Andromache.
Aeneas:- Son of Aphrodite and Anchises(āĻ
্āϝাāύāĻিāϏেāϏ). A Trojan nobleman. He is second in command of the Trojan army.
Briseis(āĻŦ্āϰাāĻāϏেāĻāϏ):- The lovely daughter of Briseus(āĻŦ্āϰাāĻāϏেāϏ). She was taken by Achilles as captive prize.
Chryseis(āĻ্āϰাāĻāϏেāĻāϏ):- Daughter of the priest of Apollo in the town of Chryse(āĻ্āϰাāĻāϏে).
Sarpedon:- Son of Zeus and Laodamia. He was killed by Patroclus.
Themes:-
- The glory of war.
- Tge wrath of Achilles.
- Military glory over family life.
- The impermanence of human life.
- The influence of Fate.
- Love and friendship.
āĻŦাংāϞা āϏাāĻŽাāϰী:-
āĻ্āϰীāĻ āĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻ্āϰোāϧেāϰ āĻāĻāύাāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāĻ āĻāϞিā§াāĻĄ āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ āϏুāĻāύা āĻšā§েāĻে।
āĻŦāĻāϰ āϧāϰে āĻāϞāĻে āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻāϰ āĻ্āϰā§āĻĒāĻ্āώে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ। āĻāĻাāĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāϰ্āώে āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰ্āϝ⧠āύেāĻŽে āĻāϏে āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻাāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āĻ āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻŽাāĻে āύাāϰীāĻāĻিāϤ āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āĻেāϰ āϧāϰে।
āĻĻেāĻŦāϤা āĻ্āϝাāĻĒোāϞোāϰ āĻĒুāϰোāĻšিāϤ āĻ্āϰাāĻāϏেāϏেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝা āĻ্āϰাāĻāϏেāĻāϏāĻে āĻŦāύ্āĻĻী āĻāϰে āĻāύে āĻ্āϰিāĻāϰা। āĻ্āϰাāĻāϏেāϏ āĻāύ্āϝাāĻে āĻĢেāϰāϤ āĻাāĻāϞে āĻāĻাāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āϤাāĻে āĻ
āĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻāϰেāύ।
āĻāϰ āĻ āĻাāϰāĻŖে āĻ্āϰোāϧে āĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§ে āĻ
্āϝাāĻĒোāϞো āĻŽāĻšাāĻŽাāϰি āϰোāĻ āĻā§িā§ে āĻĻেāύ āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে। āĻāĻাāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āĻļেāώে āϤাāϰ āĻŦāύ্āĻĻিāύীāĻে āĻĢেāϰāϤ āĻĻিāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻাāĻেāϰ āĻŦāύ্āĻĻিāύী āĻŦ্āϰাāĻāϏেāĻāϏāĻে āĻিāύিā§ে āύেāύ। āĻāϤেāĻ āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§ āĻāĻাāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āĻ āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ— āĻ āĻĻুāĻāύেāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ। āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ āĻ্āϰোāϧে āĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§ে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āϝোāĻāĻĻাāύে āĻŦিāϰāϤ āĻĨাāĻেāύ।
āĻāϰ āĻ āĻাāϰāĻŖে āĻ্āϰীāĻ āĻŦাāĻšিāύী āϰীāϤিāĻŽāϤো āĻĒāϰ্āϝুāĻĻāύ্āϤ āĻšāϤে āϞাāĻāϞ āĻ্āϰ⧠āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻšাāϤে। āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻŦীāϰ āĻĄাā§োāĻŽিāĻĄাāϏ āĻ
āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϏাāĻšāϏিāĻāϤাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻā§ āĻĻিāϞেāύ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে। āϤিāύি āĻ্āϰā§āĻĒāĻ্āώ āϏāĻšাā§āϤাāĻাāϰী āĻĻেāĻŦী āĻāĻĢ্āϰোāĻĻিāϤি āĻ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻĻেāĻŦāϤা āĻ্āϝাāϰেāϏāĻে āĻāĻšāϤ āĻāϰāϞেāύ।
āĻ্āϰ⧠āĻŦীāϰ āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻāϤিāϤে āĻāĻোāϤে āϞাāĻāϞেāύ āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻļিāĻŦিāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āĻāϰে। āϤাāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻ্āϰিāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻাāĻšাāĻāĻুāϞোāϤে āĻāĻুāύ āϧāϰিā§ে āĻĻেā§া।
āĻĻুāĻ āĻĒāĻ্āώেāϰ āĻোāϰāϤāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻāĻাāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ, āĻĄাā§োāĻŽিāĻĄাāϏ, āĻ
āĻĄিāϏিāĻāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽুāĻ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻšāϤ āĻšā§ে āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻāϰāϤে āϞাāĻāϞেāύ āĻāϰ āĻ āϏুāϝোāĻে āĻ্āϰā§āĻŦাāĻšিāύী āĻāĻিā§ে āĻāϞ āĻ্āϰিāĻ āĻাāĻšাāĻেāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻāĻŦং āĻ্āϰীāĻ āĻাāĻšাāĻে āĻāĻ ে āĻĒā§āϞ āĻ
āύেāĻেāĻ।
āĻāĻĻিāĻে āĻ
āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĒাāϏ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āĻĻেāĻŦāϤাāϰা āĻĻুāĻ āĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻাāĻ āĻšā§ে āĻĻু’āĻĻāϞāĻেāĻ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻĻিāϤে āϞাāĻāϞেāύ। āĻĻেāĻŦāϰাāĻ āĻিāĻāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻে āĻ্āϰā§āĻĒāĻ্āώ āĻ
āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ āĻāϰāϞেāĻ āĻļেāώে āύিāώ্āĻ্āϰিā§ āĻšā§ে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ
āĻŦāϞোāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤে āϞাāĻāϞেāύ।
āĻ্āϰীāĻāϰা āϝāĻāύ āĻ্āϰā§āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻšাāϤে āϰীāϤিāĻŽāϤো āĻĒāϰ্āϝুāĻĻāϏ্āϤ āϤāĻāύ āϤাāϰা āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšā§ে āĻāĻĒāĻĸৌāĻāύāϏāĻš āĻāϞে āĻেāϞেāύ āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻাāĻšাāĻে āĻāĻাāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύেāϰ āĻ
āύুāϰোāϧ āύিā§ে। āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ āύিāĻে āύা āĻāϏে āϤাঁāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŽāĻাāϏāĻš āϤাāϰ āĻŦāύ্āϧু āĻ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻĻ্āϧা āĻĒ্āϝাāĻ্āϰোāĻ্āϞāϏāĻে āĻĒাāĻ াāϞেāύ। āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻĒ্āϝাāĻ্āϰোāĻ্āϞাāϏ āĻŦāĻšু āĻ্āϰ⧠āϏেāύা āύিāĻšāϤ āĻāϰে āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āύিāĻেāĻ āύিāĻšāϤ āĻšāϞেāύ।
āĻĒ্āϝাāĻ্āϰোāĻ্āϞাāϏেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻĻāĻāϞ āύিā§ে āĻĻুāĻ āĻĒāĻ্āώে āϞā§াāĻ āĻāϰো āϤুāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻ āϞ।
āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ āϤাāϰ āϏāĻšāĻāϰ্āĻŽীāϰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϏংāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§ে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ
āĻŦāϤীāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϞেāύ। āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰāĻে āĻুঁāĻে āĻŦেāϰ āĻāϰে āϤাāĻে āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻāϰা।
āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ
āĻŦāϤীāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšā§ে āϤাāϰ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻĻ্āϧা āĻĒ্āϰিā§ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻ্āϰোāĻ্āϞাāϏেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšāĻা āύিāĻেāϰ āĻā§āϤ্āϤে āĻāύāϞেāύ āĻ্āϰā§āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻāĻŦ্āĻা āĻšāϤে। āĻ
āϤঃāĻĒāϰ āĻাāĻāĻāĻŽāĻ āϏāĻšāĻাāϰে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ
āύ্āϤ্āϝেāώ্āĻিāĻ্āϰিā§া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻāϰāϞেāύ।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽুāĻোāĻŽুāĻি āĻšāϞেāύ। āĻŦāĻšুāĻĻূāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϤাā§া āĻāϰে āĻ্āϝাāύāĻĨাāϏ āύāĻĻীāϰ āĻŽোāĻšāύাā§ āĻāϏে āĻĒাāĻā§াāĻ āĻāϰāϞেāύ āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰāĻে āĻāĻŦং āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻāϰāϞেāύ। āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰেāϰ āĻŽৃāϤāĻĻেāĻšāĻাāĻে āϰāĻĨেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦেāϧে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻাāϰāĻĒাāĻļে āĻুāĻে āĻŦেā§াāϞেāύ।
āĻ্āϰā§āĻŦাāϏী āĻļুāϧু āĻ
āϏāĻšাā§েāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻāĻা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ্āώ āĻāϰāϞ। āĻļেāώে āĻ্āϰā§েāϰ āϰাāĻা āĻĒ্āϰাā§াāĻŽ āĻāϞেāύ āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে। āϤিāύি āĻāϏে āĻāĻিāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āϤাāϰ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšāĻা āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻāϰāϞেāύ। āĻāĻিāϞিāϏ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰাāĻাāϰ āĻšাāϤে āĻ
āϰ্āĻĒāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞেāύ āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰিā§ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻš।
āĻ্āϰā§āύāĻāϰীāϤে āϰাāĻা āĻĒ্āϰাā§াāĻŽ āĻĒৌāĻাāϞে āĻļোāĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤāĻŽ āĻāĻ āϞ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāϤ্āϰ। āĻļেāώে āĻāĻĒāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻাāϏāĻšāĻাāϰে āĻ্āϰā§āĻŦাāϏীāϰা āĻšেāĻ্āĻāϰেāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϤ্āϝেāĻ্āĻিāĻ্āϰিā§া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻāϰāϞেāύ। āĻāĻাāύেāĻ āϏāĻŽাāĻĒ্āϤি āĻāĻেāĻে āĻāϞিā§াāĻĄ āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ।
English Summary:-
The 'Iliad' recounts a brief but crucial period of the Trojan War, a conflict between the city of Troy and the Achaeans. The conflict began when Paris, the son of Troy's king Priam, abducted Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, from the Achaean king Menelaus. The Achaeans raised a massive army and sailed to Troy, bent on winning Helen back by force.
As the story begins, the war is in its ninth year. The Achaeans have recently sacked a nearby city, taking several beautiful women captive along with a lot of treasure. Chryses, a priest of Apollo from the sacked city, approaches the Achaean camp and asks Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaeans, to release his daughter, who is one of the captives, from slavery. Agamemnon refuses. Chryses prays to Apollo to punish the Achaeans, and Apollo rains down a plague on the Achaean army.
After many Achaeans die, Agamemnon consults the prophet Calchas to determine the cause of the plague. When he learns that Chryseis is the cause, he reluctantly gives her up but then demands Briseis from Achilles as compensation. Furious at this insult, Achilles returns to his tent in the army camp and refuses to fight in the war any longer.
He vengefully yearns to see the Achaeans destroyed and asks his mother, the sea-nymph Thetis, to enlist the services of Zeus, king of the gods, toward this end. The Trojan and Achaean sides have declared a cease-fire with each other, but now the Trojans breach the treaty and Zeus comes to their aid.
With Zeus supporting the Trojans and Achilles refusing to fight, the Achaeans suffer great losses. Several days of fierce conflict ensue, including duels between Paris and Menelaus and between Hector and Ajax. In the fighting, many soldiers distinguish themselves, including the Achaean Diomedes and Priam’s son Hector. The tide of battle turns several times, but the Trojan forces under Hector eventually push the Achaeans back to the fortifications they have built around their ships.
Meanwhile, a surrogate conflict is being waged between the gods on behalf of the Trojans and Achaeans. Athena, Hera, and Poseidon support the Achaean forces, while Apollo, Aphrodite, and Ares support the Trojans. As the battle rages on, the gods give strength and inspiration to their respective champions. Eventually Zeus, planning to shape the conflict by himself so that he may fulfill his promise to Thetis, bans intervention in the war by the other gods. Zeus helps engineer the Trojan advance against the Achaeans.
Under immense pressure, the elderly Achaean captain Nestor proposes that an embassy be sent to Achilles in order to convince him to return to battle. Achilles listens to their pleas but ultimately refuses, stating that he will not stir until the Trojans to attack his own ships. After a prolonged struggle, the Trojans finally break through the Achaean fortress, threatening to burn the ships and slaughter the Achaeans.
Concerned for his comrades but still too proud to help them himself, Achilles agrees to a plan proposed by Nestor that will allow his beloved friend Patroclus to take his place in battle, wearing his armor. Patroclus is a fine warrior, and his presence on the battlefield helps the Achaeans push the Trojans away from the ships and back to the city walls. But the counterattack soon falters. Apollo knocks Patroclus’s armor to the ground, and Hector slays him. Fighting then breaks out as both sides try to lay claim to the body and armor.
Hector ends up with the armor, but the Achaeans, thanks to a courageous effort by Menelaus and others, manage to bring the body back to their camp. When Achilles discovers that Hector has killed Patroclus, he fills with such grief and rage that he agrees to reconcile with Agamemnon and rejoin the battle. Thetis goes to Mount Olympus and persuades the god Hephaestus to forge Achilles a new suit of armor, which she presents to him the next morning. Achilles then rides out to battle at the head of the Achaean army.
The next day, Achilles dons his armor and launches into battle, slaughtering numerous Trojans on the plains of Troy. Achilles also fights the river god Xanthus, who becomes upset with Achilles for killing so many Trojans in his waters. Finally, Achilles confronts Hector outside the walls of Troy. Ashamed at the poor advice that he gave his comrades, Hector refuses to flee inside the city with them.
Achilles chases him around the city’s periphery three times, but the goddess Athena finally tricks Hector into turning around and fighting Achilles. In a dramatic duel, Achilles kills Hector. He then lashes the body to the back of his chariot and drags it across the battlefield to the Achaean camp. Upon Achilles’ arrival, the triumphant Achaeans celebrate Patroclus’s funeral with a long series of athletic games in his honor. Each day for the next nine days, Achilles drags Hector’s body in circles around Patroclus’s funeral bier.
The gods, wishing to see Hector buried properly, send Priam, escorted by Hermes, to ransom Hector’s body. Priam pleads with Achilles for mercy, asking Achilles to remember his own aging father. Achilles is moved by Priam’s entreaty and agrees to give back Hector’s body. Priam returns to Troy with Hector, and the Trojans grieve for their loss. A truce is declared while the Trojans bury Hector.
