Iliad by Homer all Summary, Characters And Themes (Classics in Translation)

Mofizur Rahman

 Iliad by Homer all Summary, Characters And Themes (Classics in Translation)

Iliad by Homer all Summary, Characters And Themes (Classics in Translation)

  • Honours 4th Year
  • Subject: Classics in Translation
  • Topics: "Iliad" by Homer
  • Summary, Characters And Themes

Introducing the characters:-

āĻāĻ–াāύে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽোāϟ ā§Š āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰ āĻĒাāĻŦো:- Olympian gods and goddesses, āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ Greek āĻĒāĻ•্āώেāϰ āφāϰ āφāϰেāĻ•āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Trojan'āϰা। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে Olympian Gods + Goddesses āĻĻেāϰ āύি⧟ে āĻŦāϞি। 

Zeus:- Son of Cronus and Rhea, the supreme god and king of Olympus. His duty is to carry out the will of Destiny. 

Poseidon(āĻĒāϏাāχāĻĄāύ):- Brother of Zeus and the god of the sea and of earthquakes.
He is a strong supporter of the Achaean cause. 

Hades:- Ruler of the under world. He is a brother of Zeus, Poseidon and Hera. 

Apollo:- Son of Zeus and Leto, god of prophecy, poetry and music, sender of disease and patron of bowmen. He is a warm supporter of the Trojans. 

Ares:- A god of war, he was the son of Zeus and Hera. He was a firm supporter of the Trojans. 

Hephaestus(āĻšেāĻĢাāϏ্āϟাāϏ):- Son of Zeus and Hera. He is the god of fire and engineering and supported the Greeks. 

Hera:- Wife and sister of Zeus. She is a staunch supporter of the Greeks. 

Athene:- The Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare. She actively assists the Greeks during the Trojan war. 

Leto:- The mother of Apollo and Artemis by Zeus. 

Aphrodite:- Daughter of Zeus and Dione, goddesses of love. She fights on the Trojan side. 

Artemis(āφāϰ্āϟেāĻŽিāϏ):- Daughter of Zeus and Leto, goddess of chastity, hunting and wild animals. She fights on the Trojan side. 

Thetis(āĻĨেāϟিāϏ):- Daughter of Nereus, and mother of Achilles. She loves her son deeply and tries to help him as much as she can. 

The Achaeans or The Greeks 

Achilles:- Son of Peleus, a mortal and Thetis, an immortal goddess of the sea He is the central character of the Iliad. 

Agamemnon(āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāύāύ):- Son of Atreus and brother of Menelaus. He is the King of Mycenae(āĻŽাāχāϏিāύি) and the leader of Greek army. 

Aias the greater:- Son of Telamon(āϟেāϞাāĻŽāύ), king of Salamis(āϏ্āϝাāϞাāĻŽিāϏ). He is generally greater recognized as the greatest Achaean warrior after Achilles. 

Antilochus(āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āϟāϞোāĻ•াāϏ): Son of Nestor. He is a brave young warrior. He takes an active part in the fighting and the funeral games. 

Automedon(āĻ…āϟোāĻŽেāĻĄāύ):- Achilles' charioteer, who drove the horses when Achilles killed Hector. 

Calchas(āĻ•্āϝাāϞāĻ•াāϏ):- The chief soothsayer and prophet of the Achaeans. 

Helen:- Daughter of Zeus and Leda. She was originally married to Menelaus, but she ran away to Troy with Paris. 

Menelaus:- Son of Atreus(āĻ…āϟ্āϰে⧟াāϏ), younger brother of Agamemnon, king of Sparta. He is the first husband of Helen and the war is being fought for his sake. 

Odysseus(āĻ“āĻĄিāϏি⧟াāϏ):- King of Ithaca. He is the cleverest of all the Achaeans. 'The Odyssey', Homer's other epic poem, is account of his return home after the war has ended. 

Patroclus:- Prince of Opus and the closest friend of Achilles. His death at the hand of Hector is a turning-point of the epic. 

The Trojans 

Priam:- King of Troy. Being very old, he does not command his army in the battle field. 

Hecabe:- Wife of Priam, the king of Troy. Mother of Paris, Hector, Deiphobus, Helenus and Cassandra. 

Hector:- Son of Priam and Hecabe. He is the greatest of the Trojan warriors. He was killed by Achilles. 

Paris:- Son of Priam and Hecabe and brother of Hector. He was also known as Alexander. He abducted Helen. He thus, invited ruin as much for himself and for his fatherland. 

Cassandra(āĻ•্āϝাāϏাāύ্āĻĄ্āϰা):- Daughter of Priam and Hecabe. She can make startling prophecies but nobody believes her. 

Deiphobus(āĻĄেāχāĻĢোāĻŦাāϏ):- Son of Priam and Hecabe, a prince of Troy. 

Helenus(āĻšেāϞেāύুāϏ):- Son of Priam and Hecabe, a prince of Troy and a seer. 

Andromache:- Wife of Hector. She is a loving mother and a dutiful wife. 

Astyanax(āĻ…্āϝাāϏāϟি⧟াāύ্āϝাāĻ•্āϏ):- The only son of Hector and Andromache. 

Aeneas:- Son of Aphrodite and Anchises(āĻ…্āϝাāύāĻ–িāϏেāϏ). A Trojan nobleman. He is second in command of the Trojan army. 

Briseis(āĻŦ্āϰাāχāϏেāχāϏ):- The lovely daughter of Briseus(āĻŦ্āϰাāχāϏেāϏ). She was taken by Achilles as captive prize. 

Chryseis(āĻ•্āϰাāχāϏেāχāϏ):- Daughter of the priest of Apollo in the town of Chryse(āĻ•্āϰাāχāϏে). 

Sarpedon:- Son of Zeus and Laodamia. He was killed by Patroclus. 

Themes:- 

  • The glory of war.
  • Tge wrath of Achilles.
  • Military glory over family life.
  • The impermanence of human life.
  • The influence of Fate.
  • Love and friendship.

āĻŦাংāϞা āϏাāĻŽাāϰী:- 

āĻ—্āϰীāĻ• āĻŦীāϰ āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻ•্āϰোāϧেāϰ āϘāϟāύাāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāχ āχāϞি⧟াāĻĄ āĻŽāĻšাāĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ āϏুāϚāύা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। 
āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰে āϚāϞāĻ›ে āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āφāϰ āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ। āĻāĻ•াāĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāϰ্āώে āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে āϚāϰāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰ্āϝ⧟ āύেāĻŽে āφāϏে āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āĻŦীāϰ āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āĻ“ āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻŽাāĻে āύাāϰীāϘāϟিāϤ āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āϜেāϰ āϧāϰে। 

āĻĻেāĻŦāϤা āφ্āϝাāĻĒোāϞোāϰ āĻĒুāϰোāĻšিāϤ āĻ•্āϰাāχāϏেāϏেāϰ āĻ•āύ্āϝা āĻ•্āϰাāχāϏেāχāϏāĻ•ে āĻŦāύ্āĻĻী āĻ•āϰে āφāύে āĻ—্āϰিāĻ•āϰা। āĻ•্āϰাāχāϏেāϏ āĻ•āύ্āϝাāĻ•ে āĻĢেāϰāϤ āϚাāχāϞে āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ। 

āφāϰ āĻ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻ•্āϰোāϧে āĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ…্āϝাāĻĒোāϞো āĻŽāĻšাāĻŽাāϰি āϰোāĻ— āĻ›ā§œি⧟ে āĻĻেāύ āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে। āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āĻļেāώে āϤাāϰ āĻŦāύ্āĻĻিāύীāĻ•ে āĻĢেāϰāϤ āĻĻিāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻŦāύ্āĻĻিāύী āĻŦ্āϰাāχāϏেāχāϏāĻ•ে āĻ›িāύি⧟ে āύেāύ। āĻāϤেāχ āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ āĻ“ āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ— āĻ  āĻĻুāϜāύেāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ। āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ āĻ•্āϰোāϧে āĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύে āĻŦিāϰāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। 

āφāϰ āĻ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻ—্āϰীāĻ• āĻŦাāĻšিāύী āϰীāϤিāĻŽāϤো āĻĒāϰ্āϝুāĻĻāύ্āϤ āĻšāϤে āϞাāĻ—āϞ āϟ্āϰ⧟ āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻšাāϤে। āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āĻŦীāϰ āĻĄা⧟োāĻŽিāĻĄাāϏ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϏাāĻšāϏিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚ⧟ āĻĻিāϞেāύ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে। āϤিāύি āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āϏāĻšা⧟āϤাāĻ•াāϰী āĻĻেāĻŦী āφāĻĢ্āϰোāĻĻিāϤি āĻ“ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻĻেāĻŦāϤা āφ্āϝাāϰেāϏāĻ•ে āφāĻšāϤ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। 

āϟ্āϰ⧟ āĻŦীāϰ āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϚāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ—āϤিāϤে āĻāĻ—োāϤে āϞাāĻ—āϞেāύ āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āĻļিāĻŦিāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে। āϤাāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻ—্āϰিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϜাāĻšাāϜāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āφāĻ—ুāύ āϧāϰি⧟ে āĻĻে⧟া। 

āĻĻুāχ āĻĒāĻ•্āώেāϰ āϘোāϰāϤāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύ, āĻĄা⧟োāĻŽিāĻĄাāϏ, āĻ…āĻĄিāϏিāωāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽুāĻ– āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦীāϰ āφāĻšāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϞাāĻ—āϞেāύ āφāϰ āĻ āϏুāϝোāĻ—ে āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻŦাāĻšিāύী āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āĻāϞ āĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āϜাāĻšাāϜেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ—্āϰীāĻ• āϜাāĻšাāϜে āωāĻ ে āĻĒ⧜āϞ āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ। 

āĻāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ…āϞিāĻŽ্āĻĒাāϏ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āĻĻেāĻŦāϤাāϰা āĻĻুāχ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻ­াāĻ— āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĻু’āĻĻāϞāĻ•েāχ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻĻিāϤে āϞাāĻ—āϞেāύ। āĻĻেāĻŦāϰাāϜ āϜিāωāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāϞেāĻ“ āĻļেāώে āύিāώ্āĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ…āĻŦāϞোāĻ•āύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϞাāĻ—āϞেāύ। 

āĻ—্āϰীāĻ•āϰা āϝāĻ–āύ āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻšাāϤে āϰীāϤিāĻŽāϤো āĻĒāϰ্āϝুāĻĻāϏ্āϤ āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāϰা āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšā§Ÿে āωāĻĒāĻĸৌāĻ•āύāϏāĻš āϚāϞে āĻ—েāϞেāύ āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āϜাāĻšাāϜে āφāĻ—াāĻŽেāĻŽāύāύেāϰ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ āύি⧟ে। āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ āύিāϜে āύা āĻāϏে āϤাঁāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŽāϟাāϏāĻš āϤাāϰ āĻŦāύ্āϧু āĻ“ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻĻ্āϧা āĻĒ্āϝাāϟ্āϰোāĻ•্āϞāϏāĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻ াāϞেāύ। āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻĒ্āϝাāϟ্āϰোāĻ•্āϞাāϏ āĻŦāĻšু āϟ্āϰ⧟ āϏেāύা āύিāĻšāϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āύিāϜেāĻ“ āύিāĻšāϤ āĻšāϞেāύ। 

āĻĒ্āϝাāϟ্āϰোāĻ•্āϞাāϏেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āύি⧟ে āĻĻুāχ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϞ⧜াāχ āφāϰো āϤুāĻ™্āĻ—ে āωāĻ āϞ। 

āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ āϤাāϰ āϏāĻšāĻ•āϰ্āĻŽীāϰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϏংāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ…āĻŦāϤীāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϞেāύ। āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰāĻ•ে āĻ–ুঁāϜে āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻ•āϰা। 

āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ…āĻŦāϤীāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿে āϤাāϰ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻĻ্āϧা āĻĒ্āϰি⧟ āĻĒ্āϝাāϟ্āϰোāĻ•্āϞাāϏেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšāϟা āύিāϜেāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤ্āϤে āφāύāϞেāύ āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻ•āĻŦ্āϜা āĻšāϤে। āĻ…āϤঃāĻĒāϰ āϜাāĻ•āϜāĻŽāĻ• āϏāĻšāĻ•াāϰে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ…āύ্āϤ্āϝেāώ্āϟিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। 

āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ি āĻšāϞেāύ। āĻŦāĻšুāĻĻূāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϤা⧜া āĻ•āϰে āϜ্āϝাāύāĻĨাāϏ āύāĻĻীāϰ āĻŽোāĻšāύা⧟ āĻāϏে āĻĒাāĻ•ā§œাāĻ“ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰেāϰ āĻŽৃāϤāĻĻেāĻšāϟাāĻ•ে āϰāĻĨেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦেāϧে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāϰ āϚাāϰāĻĒাāĻļে āĻ›ুāϟে āĻŦে⧜াāϞেāύ। 

āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻŦাāϏী āĻļুāϧু āĻ…āϏāĻšা⧟েāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻāϟা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ āĻ•āϰāϞ। āĻļেāώে āϟ্āϰ⧟েāϰ āϰাāϜা āĻĒ্āϰা⧟াāĻŽ āĻāϞেāύ āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻļিāĻŦিāϰে। āϤিāύি āĻāϏে āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ› āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšāϟা āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। āĻāĻ•িāϞিāϏ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰাāϜাāϰ āĻšাāϤে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰি⧟ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻļāĻŦāĻĻেāĻš। 

āϟ্āϰ⧟āύāĻ—āϰীāϤে āϰাāϜা āĻĒ্āϰা⧟াāĻŽ āĻĒৌāĻ›াāϞে āĻļোāĻ•েāϰ āĻŽাāϤāĻŽ āωāĻ āϞ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāϤ্āϰ। āĻļেāώে āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻাāϏāĻšāĻ•াāϰে āϟ্āϰ⧟āĻŦাāϏীāϰা āĻšেāĻ•্āϟāϰেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤ্āϝেāĻ•্āϟিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। āĻāĻ–াāύেāχ āϏāĻŽাāĻĒ্āϤি āϘāϟেāĻ›ে āχāϞি⧟াāĻĄ āĻŽāĻšাāĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ। 

English Summary:-

The 'Iliad' recounts a brief but crucial period of the Trojan War, a conflict between the city of Troy and the Achaeans. The conflict began when Paris, the son of Troy's king Priam, abducted Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, from the Achaean king Menelaus. The Achaeans raised a massive army and sailed to Troy, bent on winning Helen back by force. 

As the story begins, the war is in its ninth year. The Achaeans have recently sacked a nearby city, taking several beautiful women captive along with a lot of treasure. Chryses, a priest of Apollo from the sacked city, approaches the Achaean camp and asks Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaeans, to release his daughter, who is one of the captives, from slavery. Agamemnon refuses. Chryses prays to Apollo to punish the Achaeans, and Apollo rains down a plague on the Achaean army.

After many Achaeans die, Agamemnon consults the prophet Calchas to determine the cause of the plague. When he learns that Chryseis is the cause, he reluctantly gives her up but then demands Briseis from Achilles as compensation. Furious at this insult, Achilles returns to his tent in the army camp and refuses to fight in the war any longer.

He vengefully yearns to see the Achaeans destroyed and asks his mother, the sea-nymph Thetis, to enlist the services of Zeus, king of the gods, toward this end. The Trojan and Achaean sides have declared a cease-fire with each other, but now the Trojans breach the treaty and Zeus comes to their aid. 

With Zeus supporting the Trojans and Achilles refusing to fight, the Achaeans suffer great losses. Several days of fierce conflict ensue, including duels between Paris and Menelaus and between Hector and Ajax. In the fighting, many soldiers distinguish themselves, including the Achaean Diomedes and Priam’s son Hector. The tide of battle turns several times, but the Trojan forces under Hector eventually push the Achaeans back to the fortifications they have built around their ships. 

Meanwhile, a surrogate conflict is being waged between the gods on behalf of the Trojans and Achaeans. Athena, Hera, and Poseidon support the Achaean forces, while Apollo, Aphrodite, and Ares support the Trojans. As the battle rages on, the gods give strength and inspiration to their respective champions. Eventually Zeus, planning to shape the conflict by himself so that he may fulfill his promise to Thetis, bans intervention in the war by the other gods. Zeus helps engineer the Trojan advance against the Achaeans. 

Under immense pressure, the elderly Achaean captain Nestor proposes that an embassy be sent to Achilles in order to convince him to return to battle. Achilles listens to their pleas but ultimately refuses, stating that he will not stir until the Trojans to attack his own ships. After a prolonged struggle, the Trojans finally break through the Achaean fortress, threatening to burn the ships and slaughter the Achaeans. 

Concerned for his comrades but still too proud to help them himself, Achilles agrees to a plan proposed by Nestor that will allow his beloved friend Patroclus to take his place in battle, wearing his armor. Patroclus is a fine warrior, and his presence on the battlefield helps the Achaeans push the Trojans away from the ships and back to the city walls. But the counterattack soon falters. Apollo knocks Patroclus’s armor to the ground, and Hector slays him. Fighting then breaks out as both sides try to lay claim to the body and armor.

Hector ends up with the armor, but the Achaeans, thanks to a courageous effort by Menelaus and others, manage to bring the body back to their camp. When Achilles discovers that Hector has killed Patroclus, he fills with such grief and rage that he agrees to reconcile with Agamemnon and rejoin the battle. Thetis goes to Mount Olympus and persuades the god Hephaestus to forge Achilles a new suit of armor, which she presents to him the next morning. Achilles then rides out to battle at the head of the Achaean army. 

The next day, Achilles dons his armor and launches into battle, slaughtering numerous Trojans on the plains of Troy. Achilles also fights the river god Xanthus, who becomes upset with Achilles for killing so many Trojans in his waters. Finally, Achilles confronts Hector outside the walls of Troy. Ashamed at the poor advice that he gave his comrades, Hector refuses to flee inside the city with them.

Achilles chases him around the city’s periphery three times, but the goddess Athena finally tricks Hector into turning around and fighting Achilles. In a dramatic duel, Achilles kills Hector. He then lashes the body to the back of his chariot and drags it across the battlefield to the Achaean camp. Upon Achilles’ arrival, the triumphant Achaeans celebrate Patroclus’s funeral with a long series of athletic games in his honor. Each day for the next nine days, Achilles drags Hector’s body in circles around Patroclus’s funeral bier. 

The gods, wishing to see Hector buried properly, send Priam, escorted by Hermes, to ransom Hector’s body. Priam pleads with Achilles for mercy, asking Achilles to remember his own aging father. Achilles is moved by Priam’s entreaty and agrees to give back Hector’s body. Priam returns to Troy with Hector, and the Trojans grieve for their loss. A truce is declared while the Trojans bury Hector. 

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